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Question of the existence | |
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 | Of God a the man |  | Descartes, while placing to be it in the subject,
is the hero of the modern thought.
He makes subject the base of reality.
|  | The question of humanism
By identifying God with the being, the Middle Ages prepared the Rebirth and humanism.
Humanism starts as from the moment when one speaks about the interior man. It is indeed while seeking to reach this invisible that is God by the invisible one who is in the man, in his heart and his interior life, that the man was discovered in his depth.
Witness, holy Augustin (354-430) who, in the Confessions, makes the description of "the interior man".
Today, since Michel Foucault announced the death of the man in the Words and the Things(1966), humanism is in question.
One reproaches him for having made of the man "an empire in an empire ", like writes it Spinoza (1632-1677), the man thinking to be able to become Master and owner of any thing by his conscience and his will.
All can humanism be summarized with this self-centredness?
By no means, Descartes( 1596-1650) Answers.
Because humanism is carrying two essential lessons: a lesson of doubt and another of firmness.
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"some time ago
that I realized that,
as of my first years,
I had received quantity
false opinions
for true,
and that what I have
since founded
on principles
so badly ensured,
could not be
that extremely doubtful
and dubious
so that I needed
to undertake once
in my life to demolish me
of all the opinions
that I had until then
received in my credit...
if I wanted to establish
something of farm
and of constant
in sciences "
Descartes,
Meditations metaphysics.
| Each man
is carrying to be
because one cannot
not to be adult
nor to think of its place. |
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| | A lesson of doubt The lesson of doubt is before a a whole lesson of responsibility.
One can make much things for the men, known as Alain (1868-1951), except one: to think for them.
Because the thought is not delegated. To think, it is important to think and not simply not to repeat a statement, even if he is true. Because to practise such a repetition, it is to be passive by leaving the speech held for truth to think for oneself.
Also imports it never anything to accept without to have tested the obviousness of it, by a meditation.
This is why Descartes wonders whether what it sees is true, if the existence which it feels to live in him is not a dream and if, when well even all that it sees and saw would be true, it would not have there, by chance, a misleading crafty one évertuant itself to make him believe that all that is true whereas all is false!
| | A lesson of firmness
The second Cartesian lesson is a lesson of firmness.
If all to accept without doubting is a weakness, to doubt all in is another. As the baroque shows it * which did not cease doubting all in order to make rock reality in the unreal one to then be able to play with him, it is an attitude of esthète.
Also Descartes is not let it go to this facility while pointing out two things: initially, that one cannot doubt all, because to doubt it is necessary to think; then, that the idea of a misleading crafty one being played of all proves the reality of the conscience, as well it is true as one can mislead only one conscience.
A stone which is not any aware cannot be mistaken.
In other words, taking the skeptics on their own ground,Descartes establishes that skepticism * shows the reality and the irreducibility of the conscience. It is in the sense that its famous formula should be included/understood: "I thus think I am" When one da not reference mark in a world which escapes to us from any share, there remain to us still ourselves and our capacity to think.
And that is sufficient to raise the universe!
Today as yesterday where temptation remains to give up saying "I" or to be played of while being active (to escape from oneself), Descartes recalls us, as well as Boétie (1530-1563), that it is while becoming suited to oneself that one delivers all the aptitudes which are in us.
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